CITIZENSHIP EDUCATION

Understanding governmental system

The term governance system is a combination of two words, namely the system and government. The system is a whole consisting of several parts that have functional relationships, both between the parts and the functional relationship to the whole, thus creating dependency relationships between the parts that result if one part is not working properly, it will affect the whole it .
While the government is an institution that regulates people's lives joints in the country in terms of economic, cultural, social and political life to prosper.
So the system of government is a way to set up functional parts are interdependent in a country to achieve the welfare of the various aspects of life.


Parliamentary system of government
Parliamentary system is a system of government where parliament has an important role in government. In this case the parliament has the authority to appoint the prime minister and parliament were able to bring down the government, by way of issuing such a no-confidence motion. Unlike the presidential system, parliamentary system has a president and a prime minister who bewenang the running of the government. In presidential, presidential authority to the running of the government, but the parliamentary system, the president is only a symbolic head of state only.
The first country that adheres to the English parliamentary system is often called the "mother of parliament" in which the position of the king is inviolable, so if there is a dispute the king and the people, menterilah responsible for all acts of the king. For example, in the time of King Charlemagne first one a minister named Thomas Wentworth accused of a crime by the lower house. Then as it proved, the minister was sentenced to death by the upper house. as well as the mistakes made by the cabinet can not involve the head of state but power is limited by the constitutional head of state.
Parliamentary system was born out of a position of responsibility where the prime minister's secretary and his ministers as eksekutifyang institutions accountable to parliament. Ministerial accountability to parliament could result in putting the cabinet office and return the mandate to the head of the country when parliament no longer trust the cabinet.
Parliament is the legislative body that has great power as a representative body whose members are elected directly by the people, while the prime minister and his ministers elected by a majority vote in parliament. Therefore, it often happens that the cabinet chosen are those that come from their own ranks from a single party or coalition.
The characteristics of a parliamentary system is as follows:
a) The king / queen or president is head of state. The head of state is not responsible for all the measures taken by the cabinet.
b) The head of state is not as well as head of government. The head of government is the prime minister. The head of state has no governmental power, he only played just act as a symbol of sovereignty and integrity of the country.
c) The legislative power is stronger than the power of the executive.
d) The legislative power is held by the parliament and the executive power vested in a cabinet (prime minister and his ministers)
e) Parliament is the only body whose members are elected directly by the people through elections.
f) The cabinet elected by a majority vote in parliament or political party wins the election.
g) The executive is accountable to the legislature, which means if the cabinet received a vote of no confidence from the parliament, the cabinet should be put or return the mandate to the head of state.
h) In the two-party system, designated as forming the cabinet as well as the prime minister is the head of the political party that won the election. While political parties are less valid as the opposition.
i) In a multi-party system, formation should form a coalition cabinet, the cabinet must be supported because of the confidence of the parliament.
j) The head of state can dissolve parliament if the parliament declared unconstitutional and are the responsibility of the Cabinet to implement the election within 30 days after the dissolution.
In the event of a crisis cabinet because the cabinet no longer have the support of a majority of the legislature, sometimes experienced difficulty to form a new cabinet. It is therefore the view of each party can not be met. In these circumstances had formed an extra-parliamentary cabinet is a cabinet formed without the formation of political power bound in the legislature.
Thus, the cabinet formation have enough opportunity to appoint ministers based on the skills required regardless of whether he has the support of the party. Even if there are ministers who are members of the party, he did not formally represent the party. Usually an extra-parliamentary cabinet have limited work program and commit ourselves to postpone solving the problems that are fundamental.

Presidential Government System

In a presidential system of government, the executive position is not accountable to parliament or legislative. The legal basis of the executive power is returned to the election of the people. As chief executive, the president pointed to his aides that ministers to lead departemenya each and they are only accountable to the president. Since the formation of the cabinet that is independent of the representative body of the people do not need support or confidence of the representative body of the people, the minister could not be dismissed by him.
Country known adherents of this system is the United States that maintains the doctrine of Montesquieu, in which the position of the three powers, namely the legislature, executive and judiciary are separate from each other sharply and test each other and hold each other balance (checks and balances). The power to make laws in the hands of Parliament or Congress, while the president has the power to veto legislation that has made it. Executive power is in the president and his cabinet are not accountable to parliament. Because the president elected by the people, then as chief executive he is only responsible to the people.
Implementation is the responsibility of the judiciary supreme court (Supreme Court), and the legislative power in the hands of the House atao conggres (senate and parlmen in America). In practice, the presidential system Trias Politica Montequieu apply purely through the separation of powers (separation of power). An example is the United States with a check and balance. While that is applied in Indonesia is the division of power (distribution of power).
The characteristics of a presidential system of government is as follows:
a) Implementation of the country in the hands of the president. The President is the head of state and a head of government. The President was elected by parliament, elected by the people or a board / council.
b) Cabinet (Council of Ministers) is formed by the president. The Cabinet is responsible to the president and is responsible to the parliament / legislature.
c) The President shall not be answerable to the parliament because he was not elected by the parliament.
d) The President can not dissolve parliament as in the parliamentary system.
e) Parliament has legislative power and served as a representative body, members were elected by the people.
f) The President shall not be under direct parliament.
In a presidential system of government, the executive and the legislature has independen.Kedua position tidan agency directly related to the system of government as they parlementer.Dan elected separately.

Government System Referendum
The referendum comes from the word "refer" means to restore. Referendum means the implementation of the system of government is based on direct supervision by the people, especially the policy has been, is, or will be implemented by the executive or the legislature.
Referendum governance system is a variation of the parliamentary system of government and state presidensial.Di swiss, job lawmakers are under the hands of the people who have the right pilih.Pengawasan was done in the form of a referendum which consists of referendum obligatoir, facultative referendum, and a consultative referendum.
• The referendum is a referendum obligatoir must first get approval from the people immediately before a particular law enacted. Approval of the people should be given absolute in making a law that binds all the people, because they are very important. For example, is the approval given by the people against the constitution-making.
• Referendum Fakultatifadalah referendum held if within a certain time after a law was announced and implemented, certain people who want the right to vote for a referendum. In this case if the referendum requires dilaskanakan law, the law continues to apply. But if the legislation was rejected in a referendum, the law does not apply anymore.
• Consultative referendum, the referendum concerning technical matters. Usually the people themselves do not understand about the material laws of the requested persertujuaannya.
In the system of government by referendum, the conflict that took place between the executive (Bundesrat) and the legislature (the decision rather than the people) are rare. The members of the Bundesrat is elected by bundesversammlung for a period of 3 years and can be reelected.

Extra-parliamentary system of government

a) Preparation of the policy can be dealt with quickly because the easy-going adjustment of opinion between the executive and legislative branches. This is because the legislative and executive powers are at a party or coalition.
b) The lines of responsibility in the creation and implementation of public policy is clear.
c) The existence of strong oversight from parliament to the cabinet so that the cabinet be careful in running the government.

Disadvantages parliamentary system of government
a) Position Executive / Cabinet hanging parliamentary majority support, so that the cabinet can be dropped at any time by the parliament.
b) the Cabinet be dissolved at any time depending on the support of a parliamentary majority.
c) Cabinet coming from the winning party can dominate parliamentary elections.
d) Parliament where the cadre to executive positions. Concurrently lawmakers or cabinet ministers.